An authorization matrix is a structured mapping of users, roles, or groups to the permissions they have in a process, system, or data set. It defines who can view, create, modify, approve, release, or administer specific records, transactions, workflows, or functions.
In manufacturing and industrial systems, an authorization matrix is commonly used for MES, ERP, QMS, PLM, LIMS, maintenance, and document control environments. For example, it may specify which roles can release a work instruction, approve a nonconformance disposition, edit a routing, issue material, or change a quality record.
An authorization matrix is not the same as authentication. Authentication verifies identity, such as through a login or badge. Authorization determines what that authenticated identity is allowed to do. It is also broader than an approval hierarchy, although approval limits and workflow approvals may be represented in the same or a related matrix.
The matrix is often used to support role-based access control, segregation of duties, user provisioning, and review of system access. It should describe permissions clearly enough that system configuration, process ownership, and periodic access review can be aligned without relying only on informal knowledge.